Heteroaryl-1,2,4-triazole and heteroaryl-tetrazole compounds for controlling ectoparasites

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds of the formula: (I) wherein: X is O or S; Q 1  and Q 2  are independently CR 5  or N, provided at least one of Q 1  and Q 2  is N; Y is a direct bond or CH 2 ; R 1  is H, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkylalkyl, benzyl or oxetan-3-yl-CH 2 —; R 2  is optionally substituted phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine; R 3  is alkyl or haloalkyl; R 4  is optionally substituted pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine; R 5  is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyC(O)— or (alkoxy) 2 CH—; or a salt thereof. The compounds are useful for controlling ectoparasites on animals.

The present invention relates to novel heteroaryl-1,2,4-triazole and heteroaryl-tetrazole compounds, to formulations comprising the compounds and to their use in the control of ectoparasites on animals.

The present invention is in the field of pest control, in particular the control of ectoparasites on animals. Parasitic infections result in significant suffering to the animal, both as a consequence of the infection itself and the diseases transmitted by the parasites. In addition, parasitic infection in livestock animals can result in significant economic loss. This is observed, for example, in the cattle industry where tick infestation, in particular, causes major losses. When ticks feed in large numbers they consume large quantities of blood which can result in anaemia and loss of nutrients. In addition, the irritation caused by the ticks leads to a reduction in food intake by the cattle. AU these factors negatively impact weight gain and milk production (Rajput et al, J. Zhejiang Univ. SCIENCE B, 2006, 7(11):912-921). Furthermore, ticks cause damage to the hide (Rajput et al.) and predispose the cattle to bacterial and fungal infections. A number of diseases are known to be transmitted via tick-borne pathogens, among them are the cattle diseases bovine babesiosis, also known as pyroplastnosis or red water fever, and bovine anaplasmosis, also known as gall sickness (Rajput et al.). These diseases lead to lower weight gain, decreased milk production and increased mortality.

There are many commercially available compounds in common usage for the control of ectoparasites. For livestock animals these include amitraz; fluazuron; synthetic pyrethroids, for example permethrin; macrocyclic lactones, for example ivermectin; and organophosphates. For companion animals these include fipronil; synthetic pyrethroids; and GABA-gated chloride channel inhibitors, for example fluralaner. Despite the wide range of products on the market, there remains a need for alternative compounds which are effective in the control of ectoparasites.

WO 2006/004924 discloses a series of heteroaryl-imidazole compounds which are modulators of the CXCR3 receptor. Modulators of the CXCR3 receptor are useful in the treatment and prevention of certain inflammatory and immunoregulatory disorders and diseases.

The present invention provides novel heteroaryl-1,2,4-triazole and heteroaryl-tetrazole compounds which are useful in the control of pests, especially the control of ectoparasites on animals.

The present invention provides compounds of Formula

wherein:

X is O or S;

Q¹ and Q² are independently CR⁵ or N, provided at least one of Q¹ and Q² is N;

Y is a direct bond or CH₂;

R¹ is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one substituent selected from: CN, CONH₂, COOH, NO₂ and —Si(CH₃)₃; C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆haloalkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; C₂-C₆haloalkynyl; C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl- wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo atoms; oxetart-3-yl-CH₂—; or benzyl optionally substituted with halo or C₁-C₃haloalkyl;

R² is phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine, wherein the phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine is optionally substituted with one to three substituents, provided the substituent(s) are not on either carbon adjacent to the carbon bonded to the

group, each independently selected from: C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃thiohaloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, halo, NO₂, SF₅, CN, CONH₂, COOH and C(S)NH₂;

R³ is C₁-C₃alkyl or C₁-C₃haloalkyl;

R⁴ is pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine, wherein the pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine is optionally substituted with one substituent selected from: C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, halo or hydroxy;

R⁵ is H, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxyC(O)— or C₁-C₃alkoxy)₂CH—;

or a salt thereof.

In an alternative embodiment the present invention provides compounds of Formula I:

wherein:

X is O or S,

Q¹ and Q² are independently CR⁵ or N, provided at least one of Q¹ and Q² is N;

Y is a direct bond or CH₂;

R¹ is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one substituent selected from: CN, CONH₂, COOH and NO₂; C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆haloalkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl; C₂-C₆haloalkynyl; C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl- wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo atoms; oxetan-3-yl-CH₂—; or benzyl optionally substituted with halo or C₁-C₃haloalkyl;

R² is phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine, wherein the phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine is optionally substituted with one to three substituents, provided the substituent(s) are not on either carbon adjacent to the carbon bonded to the

group, each independently selected from: C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃thiohaloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, halo, NO₂, SF₅, CN, CONH₂ and COOH;

R³ is C₁-C₃alkyl or C₁-C₃haloalkyl;

R⁴ is pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine, wherein the pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine is optionally substituted with one substituent selected from: C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, halo or hydroxy;

R⁵ is H, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl or C₁-C₃alkoxy, or a salt thereof.

The present invention also provides a formulation comprising a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, and at least one acceptable carrier.

The present invention provides a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, for use in therapy. The present invention provides a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, for use in controlling parasites in or on an animal. The present invention further provides a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, for use in controlling ectoparasites on an animal. The present invention further provides a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, for use in preventing and/or treating diseases transmitted by ectoparasites.

The present invention provides the use of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for controlling parasites in or on an animal. The present invention further provides the use of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for controlling ectoparasites on an animal. The present invention further provides the use of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing and/or treating diseases transmitted by ectoparasites.

The present invention provides the use of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, in controlling parasites in or on an animal. The present invention further provides the use of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, in controlling ectoparasites on an animal.

The present invention provides a method of controlling parasites in or on an animal in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof. The present invention further provides a method of controlling ectoparasites on an animal in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof. The present invention further provides a method for preventing and/or treating diseases transmitted by ectoparasites comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, to an animal in need thereof.

The present invention additionally provides a method for controlling pests comprising contacting the pests or their environment with an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof.

As used herein, the term “C₁-C₆alkyl” refers to a straight or branched, monovalent saturated aliphatic chain of one to six carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and the like.

Likewise, the term “C₁-C₃alkyl” includes methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “C₁-C₆haloalkyl” refers to a C₁-C₆alkyl moiety substituted with one or more halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Examples include trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 4-chlorobutyl, and the like.

Likewise, the term “C₁-C₃haloalkyl” includes trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, and the like.

As used herein the term “C₁-C₃thiohaloalkyl” refers to a C₁-C₃haloalkyl moiety linked through a sulfur atom.

As used herein, the term “C₃-C₄cycloalkyl” refers to cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl.

As used herein, the term “C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl-” refers to a C₃-C₄cycloalkyl linked through a C₁-C₂alkyl chain.

As used herein, the term “C₂-C₆alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched alkenyl chain having form two to six carbon atoms and one double bond, for example, ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “C₂-C₆haloalkenyl” refers to a C₂-C₆alkenyl moiety substituted with one or more halo atoms which may be the same or different.

As used herein, the term “C₂-C₆alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched alkynyl chain having from two to six carbon atoms and one triple bond, for example, ethynyl, prop-2-ynyl, but-3-ynyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “C₂-C₆haloalkynyl” refers to a C₂-C₆alkynyl moiety substituted with one or more halo atoms which may be the same or different.

As used herein, the term “halo” refers to a chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine atom.

As used herein, the term “C₁-C₃alkoxy” refers to a straight or branched alkyl chain having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms attached to an oxygen atom, for example, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.

As used herein, the term “C₁-C₃haloalkoxy” refers to a C₁-C₃alkoxy moiety substituted with one or more halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Examples include trifluoromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 3-fluoropropoxy, 3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy, 4-chlorobutoxy, and the like.

As used herein, the term “controlling” refers to reducing the number of pests or parasites, eliminating pests or parasites and/or preventing further pest or parasite infestation.

As used herein, the term “treating” refers to restraining, slowing, stopping or reversing the progression or severity of an existing symptom or disease.

As used herein, the term “preventing” refers to the avoidance of a symptom or disease developing in the animal.

As used herein, the term “animal” may refer to a mammal and a non-mammal, such as a bird or fish. In the case of a mammal, it may be a human or non-human mammal. Non-human mammals include, but are not limited to, livestock animals and companion animals. Livestock animals include, but are not limited to, cattle, camellids, pigs, sheep, goats and horses. Companion animals include, but are not limited to, dogs, cats and rabbits.

As used herein, the term “pest” includes, but is not limited to, animal and plant pests. The term encompasses all stages in the life cycle of the pest.

A “parasite” is a pest which lives in or on the host animal and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host animal's expense. An “endoparasite” is a parasite which lives in the host animal. An “ectoparasite” is a parasite which lives on the host animal. Ectoparasites include, but are not limited to, acari, insects and crustaceans (e.g. sea lice). The Acari (or Acarina) sub-class comprises ticks and mites. Ticks include, but are not limited to, members of the following genera: Rhipicephalus, for example, Rhipicaphalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Amblyomma; Dermacentor; Haemaphysalis; Hyalomma; Ixodes; Rhipicentor; Margaropus; Argas; Otobius; and Ornithodoros. Mites include, but are not limited to, members of the following genera Chorioptes, for example Chorioptes bovis; Psoroptes, for example Psoroptes ovis; Cheyletiella; Dermanyssus; for example Dermanyssus gallinae; Ortnithonyssus; Demodex, for example Demodex canis; Sarcoptes, for example Sarcoptes scabiei; and Psorergates. Insects include, but are not limited to, members of the orders: Siphonaptera, Diptera, Phthiraptera. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Homoptera. Members of the Siphonaptera order include, but are not limited to, Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis. Members of the Diptera order include, but are not limited to, Musca spp; bot fly, for example Gasterophilus intestinalis and Oestrus ovis; biting flies; horse flies, for example Haematopota spp. and Tabunus spp.; haematobia, for example haematobia irritans; Stomoxys; Lucilia; midges; and mosquitoes. Members of the Phthiraptera class include, but are not limited to, blood sucking lice and chewing lice, for example Bovicola Ovis and Bovicola Bovis.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the amount or dose of the compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, which, upon single or multiple dose administration to the animal, provides the desired effect in or on the animal.

An effective amount can be readily determined by the attending diagnostician, as one skilled in the art, by the use of known techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective amount a number of factors are considered by the attending diagnostician, including, but not limited to: the species of mammal; its size, age, and general health; the parasite to be controlled and the degree of infestation; the specific disease or disorder involved; the degree of or involvement or the severity of the disease or disorder; the response of the individual; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances.

The compounds of the invention may be administered to the animal by any route which has the desired effect including, but not limited to topically, orally, parenterally and subcutaneously. Topical administration is preferred. Formulations suitable for topical administration include, for example, solutions, emulsions and suspensions and may take the form of a pour-on, spot-on, spray-on, spray race or dip. In the alternative, the compounds of the invention may be administered by means of an ear tag or collar.

Salt forms of the compounds of the invention include both pharmaceutically acceptable salts and veterinary acceptable salts. Pharmaceutically and veterinary acceptable salts and common methodology for preparing them are well known in the art. See, for example, Gould, P. L., “Salt selection for basic drugs,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 33: 201-217 (1986); Bastin, R J., et al. “Salt Selection and Optimization Procedures for Pharmaceutical New Chemical Entities,” Organic Process Research and Development, 4: 427-435 (2000); and Berge, S. M., et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 66: 1-19, (1977). One skilled in the art of synthesis will appreciate that the compounds of the invention are readily converted to and may be isolated as a salt, such as a hydrochloride salt, using techniques and conditions well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, one skilled in the art of synthesis will appreciate that the compounds of the invention are readily converted to and may be isolated as the corresponding free base from the corresponding salt.

As one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, compounds of Formula I contain a stereogenic centre which is indicated with an asterisk in the structure below:

The present invention contemplates both racemates and individual enantiomers. Compounds having preferred stereochemistry are set out below.

Preferred compounds of Formula I, or salts thereof, include compounds having one or more of the following features:

-   -   a) Y is a direct bond;     -   b) X is O;     -   c) X is S;     -   d) R³ is methyl;     -   e) Q¹ is N;     -   f) Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxyC(O)—, or         (C₁-C₃alkoxy)₂CH—;     -   g) Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H, C₁-C₃alkyl, or (C₁-C₃alkoxy)₂CH—;     -   h) Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H or C₁-C₃alkyl;     -   i) Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H, methyl or (CH₃CH₂O)₂CH—;     -   j) Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H or methyl;     -   k) Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H;     -   l) Q¹ is N, Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H, methyl or (CH₃CH₂O)₂CH—;     -   m) Q¹ is N, Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H or methyl;     -   n) R⁴ is a 2-pyridine; or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted         with C₁-C₃alkoxy or halo;     -   o) R⁴ is a 2-pyridine; or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted         with C₁-C₃alkoxy;     -   p) R⁴ is 2-pyridine or 2-pyrimidine;     -   q) R⁴ is 2-pyrimidine;     -   r) R¹ is H; C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted         with CN or Si(CH₃)₃; C₃-C₆alkynyl; C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl         wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 or         2 halo atoms; oxetan-3-yl-CH₂—; or benzyl optionally substituted         with halo;     -   s) R¹ is H; C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted         with CN or Si(CH₃)₃; C₃-C₆alkynyl; or         C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl- wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo atoms;     -   t) R¹ is C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₁-C₆alkyl; C₃-C₆alkynyl;         C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl- wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo atoms;     -   u) R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—.         FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂—, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂,         2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl-CH₂—, H, CH₃—, (CH₃)₃SiCH₂—, CH₃CH₂— or         CN—CH₂—;     -   v) R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—,         FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂—, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂— or         2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl-CH₂—;     -   w) R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH—C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—,         FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂—, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂—, H, CH₃,         (CH₃)₃SiCH₂— or CH₃CH₂—;     -   x) R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—,         FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂—, or 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂—;     -   x) R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—,         FCH₂CH₂— or FCH₂CH₂CH₂—;     -   y) R¹ is CH≡C—CH₂—, cyclopropyl-CH₂—, H or CH₃;     -   z) R¹ is CH≡C—CH₂— or cyclopropyl-CH₂—;     -   aa) R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—;     -   bb) R² is phenyl, 3-pyridine or 4-pyridine substituted with one         or two substituents selected from: C₁-C₃haloalkyl,         C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, halo. CN or C(S)NH₂, provided the         substituent(s) are not on either carbon adjacent to the carbon         bonded to the

group;

-   -   cc) R² is phenyl, 3-pyridine or 4-pyridine substituted with one         or two substituents selected from: C₁-C₃haloalkyl,         C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, halo or CN, provided the substituent(s) are not         on either carbon adjacent to the carbon bonded to the

group;

-   -   dd) R² is phenyl or 3-pyridine substituted with one or two         substituents selected from: C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy,         halo or CN, provided the substituent(s) are not on either carbon         adjacent to the carbon bonded to the

group;

-   -   ee) R¹ is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl,         3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl,         3-cyanophenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl,         5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl, 3-bromo-5-trifluoromethylphenyl,         3-cyano-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl or         2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl;     -   ff) R¹ is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl,         3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl,         3-cyanophenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl,         5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl, 3-bromo-5-trifluoromethylphenyl         or 3-cyano-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl;     -   gg) R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl,         3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl,         3-cyanophenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, or         5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl;     -   hh) R¹ is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl,         3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyanophenyl,         3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl         or 3-cyano-5-trifluoromethylphenyl;     -   ii) R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl,         3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl,         3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl or         5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl;     -   jj) R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

Preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula II′:

X is O or S:

R¹ is H; C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with CN or —Si(CH₃)₃; C₃-C₆alkynyl; C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo atoms; oxetan-3-yl-CH₂—; or benzyl optionally substituted by halo;

R² is phenyl, 3-pyridine or 4-pyridine substituted with one or two substituents selected from: C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, halo, CN or C(S)NH₂, provided the substituent(s) are not on either carbon adjacent to the carbon bonded to the

group:

R⁴ is 2-pyridine; or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted with C₁-C₃alkoxy or halo;

R⁵ is H, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxyC(O)— or (C₁-C₃alkoxy)₂CH—, or a salt thereof.

Preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula II:

wherein:

R¹ is C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₁-C₆alkyl; C₃-C₆alkynyl; or C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo atoms:

R² is phenyl or 3-pyridine substituted with one or two substituents selected from C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, halo or CN, provided the substituent(s) are not on either carbon adjacent to the carbon bonded to the

group;

R⁴ is 2-pyridine; or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted with C₁-C₃alkoxy:

R⁵ is H or C₁-C₃alkyl, or a salt thereof.

Particularly preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula II′a or IIa:

wherein X, R¹, R², R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined for Formula II′ or Formula II respectively; or a salt thereof.

Preferred compounds of Formula I, II′ and II′a, or salts thereof, include those in which R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂—, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂—, 2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl-CH₂—, H, CH₃, (CH₃)₃SiCH₂—, CH₃CH₂—, or CN—CH₂—; R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl, 3-bromo-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyano-5-trifluoromethylphenyl or 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl; R⁴ is 2-pyridine, or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted with C₁-C₃alkoxy; and R⁵ is H, methyl or (CH₃CH₂O)₂CH—.

Preferred compounds of Formula I, II′, II, II′a and IIa or salts thereof, include those in which R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂—, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂— or 2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl-CH₂—; R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, or 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl; R⁴ is 2-pyridine, or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted by C₁-C₃alkoxy and R⁵ is H or methyl.

Further preferred compounds of Formula I, II′, II, II′a and IIa, or salts thereof, include those in which R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂— or 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂—; R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyanomethyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, or 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl; R⁴ is 2-pyridine, or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted with C₁-C₃alkoxy; and R⁵ is H or methyl.

Further preferred compounds of Formula I, II′, II, II′a and IIa or salts thereof, include those in which R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂— or FCH₂CH₂CH₂—; R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl or 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl; R⁴ is 2-pyridine or 2-pyrimidine; and R⁵ is H or methyl.

Further preferred compounds of Formula I, II′, and II′a, or salts thereof, include those in which R¹ is CH≡C—CH₂—, cyclopropyl-CH₂—, H or CH₃; R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl or 3-cyano-5-trifluoromethylphenyl; R⁴ is 2-pyridine, or 2-pyrimidine; and R⁵ is H, methyl or (CH₃CH₂O)₂CH—.

A preferred compound of the present invention is N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, or a salt thereof. An especially preferred compound is N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-, 2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, or a salt thereof. Another preferred compound of the present invention is N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, or a salt thereof. An especially preferred compound is N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,24-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, or a salt thereof. Another preferred compound of the present invention is N-methyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, or a salt thereof. An especially preferred compound is N-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, or a salt thereof.

The compounds of the present invention may be used for controlling parasites. In particular, they are useful for controlling ectoparasites on an animal. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be used for controlling ticks on cattle. In an alternative embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be used for controlling ticks on sheep. In another alternative embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be used for controlling lice on sheep. In another alternative embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be used for controlling ticks on a dog or a cat. In another alternative embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be used for controlling fleas on a dog or a cat. In another alternative embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be used for controlling lice on a dog or a cat.

The compounds of the present invention may also be used for preventing and/or treating diseases, for example protozoan, bacterial and viral diseases, transmitted by ectoparasites. In particular, they may be used for the prevention and/or treatment of babesiosis, anaplasmosis and lyme disease.

The compounds of the present invention may be used alone or combination with one or more other compounds with are active against parasites or pests, including afoxolaner, fluralaner, lotilaner, surolaner, albendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, flubendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, parabendazole, tiabendazole, triclabendazole, amitraz, demiditraz, clorsulon, closantel, oxyclonazide, rafoxanide, cyphenothrin, flumethrin, permethrin, cyromazine, derquantel, diamphenetide, dicyclanil, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin, selamectin, milbemycin oxime, emodepside, epsiprantel, fipronil, fluazuron, fluhexafon, indoxacarb, levamisol, lufenuron, metaflumizone, methoprene, monepantel, morantel, niclosamide, nitroscanate, nitroxynil, novaluron, oxantel, praziquantel, pyrantel, pyriprole, pyriproxyfen, sisapronil, spinosad, spinetoram and triflumezopyrim.

The compounds of Formula I, II′, II, II′a and IIa can be prepared by one of ordinary skill in the art following art recognized techniques and procedures. More specifically, compounds of Formula I, II′, II, II′a and IIa can be prepared as set forth in the schemes, methods, and examples set forth below. It will be recognized by one of skill in the art that the individual steps in the following schemes may be varied to provide the compounds of Formula I, II′, II, II′a and IIa. The reagents and starting materials are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. All substituents, unless otherwise specified, are as previously defined.

Certain stereogenic centers have been left unspecified and certain substituents have been eliminated in the following schemes for the sake of clarity and are not intended to limit the teaching of the schemes in any way. Furthermore, individual enantiomers may be separated or resolved by one of ordinary skill in the art at any convenient point in the synthesis of compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts there by methods such as selective crystallization techniques or chiral chromatography (See for example, J. Jacques, et al., “Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981, and E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen. “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”, Wiley-Interscience, 1994).

Abbreviations and Symbols

-   AcOH: acetic acid -   aq.: aqueous -   br: broad -   d: doublet -   DCC: N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide -   DIPEA: diisopropylethylamine -   DMF: N,N-Dimethylformamide -   DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide -   ee: enantiomeric excess -   eq.: equivalent -   ES: electrospray ionization -   EtOAc: ethyl acetate -   HATU:     1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium     3-oxid hexafluorophosphate -   HOBt: 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate -   HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography -   iPrOH: isopropanol -   J: coupling constant -   LCMS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry -   m/z: mass-to-charge ratio -   M: molarity -   m: multiplet -   MeOH: methanol -   NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance -   q: quartet -   r.t.: room temperature -   R_(t): retention time -   s: singlet -   sat.: saturated -   T: temperature -   t: triplet -   T3P: Propylphosphonic anhydride -   THF: tetrahydrofuran -   wt.: weight -   δ: chemical shift -   λ: wavelength

Compounds of formula I′ may be prepared as illustrated in the following scheme where R¹, R², R³, R⁴, Q¹, Q² and Y are as previously defined.

An azole compound of formula (a) is reacted with a carboxylic acid of formula (b) to form compounds of formula I. For example, a mixture of an azole of formula (a), a carboxylic acid of formula (b), a suitable coupling reagent, such as T3®, HATU, DCC or HOBt, a suitable base such as triethylamine or DIPEA, in a suitable solvent, such as ethyl acetate or DMF are mixed at temperatures ranging from around 0 to 100° C. to provide compounds of formula I which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

Carboxylic acids of formula (b) are commercially available or may be synthesized by methods known to the skilled artisan.

The requisite azole compounds of formula (a) may be prepared as illustrated in the following scheme, where R¹, R³, R⁴, Q¹, Q² and Y are as previously described and LG is a suitable leaving group.

An amine of formula (c) is reacted with a substituted azole of formula (d) to form compounds of formula (a). For example, a mixture of an azole of formula (d), an amine of formula (c), a suitable base, such as K₂CO₃, NaH or DIPEA in a suitable solvent, such as acetonitrile or DMF are mixed at temperatures ranging from around 20 to 120° C. to provide compounds of formula (a) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

Alternatively, a substituted azole of formula (d) is reacted with ammonia to form compounds of formula (e). For example, a solution of ammonia in a suitable solvent, such as methanol, and a substituted azole of formula (d) are mixed in a sealed tube at temperatures ranging from around 0 to 25° C. to provide compounds of formula (e) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as trituration.

A substituted azole of formula (e), a compound of formula (f), a suitable base, such as K₂CO₃ or DIPEA in a suitable solvent, such as acetonitrile or DMF are mixed at temperatures ranging from around 20 to 120° C. to provide compounds of formula (a) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

Amines of formula (c) and compounds of formula (f) are commercially available or may be synthesized by methods known to the skilled artisan.

The requisite azole compounds of formula (d) may be prepared as illustrated in the following scheme, where R³, R⁴, R⁵, Q¹, Q² and Y are as previously described, LG is a suitable leaving group.

An amide of formula (h) is reacted with an N,N-dimethylamide dimethyl acetal (g) to form compounds of formula (i) which are subsequently reacted with hydrazines (j) under acidic conditions to form compounds of formula (d). For example, a compound of formula (h) and an N,N-dimethylamide dimethyl acetal of formula (g) are reacted in a suitable solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂ at reflux to provide compounds of formula (i). Upon removal of the solvent, compounds of formula (i) are reacted with a substituted hydrazine (j) in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane, acetic acid or a mixture of such solvents at temperatures ranging from around 20 to 100° C. to provide compounds of formula (d) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

Alternatively, a carboxylic acid derivative of formula (k) is reacted with an amine of formula (l) and a suitable base, such as triethylamine or DIPEA, in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, at temperatures ranging from around 0 to 120° C. The resulting compounds (m) may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography. The resulting amides of formula (m) and phosphorus pentachloride are reacted in a suitable solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂, at r.t. and then trimethylsilyl azide is added to the mixture at 0° C. and the mixture is stirred at r.t. to provide compounds of formula (d) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

N,N-dimethylamide acetals of formula (g), amides of formula (h), carboxylic acid derivatives of formula (k) and hydrazines of formula (j) are commercially available or may be synthesized by methods known to the skilled artisan.

Compounds of formula I″ may be prepared as illustrated in the following scheme where R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and Y are as previously defined.

An amide of formula (n) is reacted with an N,N-dimethyamide dimethyl acetal of formula (g) to form compounds of formula (o) which are subsequently reacted with substituted hydrazines of formula (j) under acidic conditions to form compounds of formula I″. For example, a compound of formula (n) and an N,N-dimethylamide dimethyl acetal of formula (g) are reacted in a suitable solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂ at reflux to provide compounds of formula (o). Upon removal of the solvent, compounds of formula (o) are reacted with a substituted hydrazine of formula (j) in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane, acetic acid or a mixture of such solvents at temperatures ranging from around 20 to 100° C. The resulting compounds of formula I″ may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

The requisite amides of formula (n) may be prepared as illustrated in the following scheme, where R¹, R², R³, and Y are as previously described.

An amino amide of formula (p) is reacted with a carboxylic acid of formula (b) to form compounds of formula (n). For example, a mixture of an amino amide of formula (p), a carboxylic acid (b), a suitable coupling reagent, such as T3P®, HATU, DCC or HOBt, a suitable base such as triethylamine or DIPEA, in a suitable solvent, such as ethyl acetate or DMF are mixed at temperatures ranging from around 0 to 100° C. to provide compounds of formula (n) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

Alternatively, an amino acid of formula (q) is reacted with thionyl chloride in a suitable solvent, such as MeOH, at r.t. to provide amino esters of formula (r). The resulting amino esters (r) are reacted with an aldehyde or a ketone, a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride, a dehydrating agent, such as Na₂SO₄, in a suitable solvent, such as acetic acid, at r.t. to provide compounds of formula (s). The resulting amino esters of formula (s) are then reacted with a carboxylic acid of formula (b), a suitable coupling reagent, such as T3P®, a suitable base such as DIPEA, in a suitable solvent, such as ethyl acetate at about 90° C. to provide amido esters of formula (t) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography. The resulting amido esters of formula (t) are reacted with magnesium nitride in a suitable solvent, such as MeOH at about 80° C. in a sealed tube to provide compounds of formula (n) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography or extraction.

Compounds of formula (b) and (q) are commercially available. The requisite amino amide compounds of formula (p) are commercially available or may be prepared as illustrated in the following scheme, where R¹, R³ and Y are as previously described and LG is a suitable leaving group.

Compounds of formula (c) and (h) are commercially available.

An amine of formula (c) is reacted with an amide of formula (h) to form compounds of formula (p). For example, a mixture of an amine of formula (c), an amide of formula (h), a suitable base, such as K₂CO₃ or DIPEA in a suitable solvent, such as acetonitrile or DMF are mixed at 25-80° C. to provide compounds of formula (p) which may then be isolated and, if necessary and desired, purified using techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography.

An amidine hydrochloride of formula (q) is reacted with an acid of formula (r) to form compounds of formula (t) which are subsequently reacted with substituted hydrazines of formula (j) under acidic conditions to form compounds of formula I″.

Preparation 1

2-[5-(1-Bromoethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]pyridine

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (3.00 mL) to a solution of 2-brompropanamide (2.28 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and stir at reflux for 1 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (15 mL/15 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyridine (1.80 g) and stir at 90° C. for 2 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and CH₂Cl₂. Separate the layers, extract the aqueous phase three times with CH₂C₁₂, dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 2-[5-(1-bromoethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]pyridine (2.82 g, 74%). LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.31 min, m/z (ES+)=253 [M(⁷⁹Br)+H]⁺ and 255 [M(⁸¹Br)+H]⁺.

Preparation 2

2-[5-(1-Bromoethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]pyrimidine

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (3.3 mL) to a solution of 2-brompropanamide (2.5 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and stir at reflux for 1.5 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (15 mL/15 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (2.2 g) and stir at 50° C. overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure and partition the residue between water and EtOAc. Separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.), dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 2-[5-(1-bromoethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]pyrimidine (2.0 g, 48%). LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 0.55 min, m/z (ES+)=254 [M(⁷⁹Br)+H]⁺ and 256 [M(⁸¹Br)+H]⁺.

Preparation 3

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine

Add cyclopropanemethylamine (8.29 mL) to a suspension of 2-[5-(1-bromoethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]pyridine (12.2 g) and K₂CO₃ (20.1 g) in DMF (100 mL) and stir the mixture at 80° C. for 2 h. Cool the mixture to r.t. and filter through Celite® washing with EtOAc. Concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure and partition the residue between water and EtOAc. Separate the layers and extract the aqueous layer twice with EtOAc. Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine (11.4 g, 97%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm −0.09-0.11 (2H, m), 0.36-0.47 (2H, m), 0.83-1.03 (1H, m), 1.59 (3H, d, J 6.6 Hz), 2.29 (1H, dd, J 11.9, 7.5 Hz), 2.50 (1H, dd, J 11.7, 6.6 Hz), 4.96 (1H, q, J 6.8 Hz), 7.31-7.38 (1H, m), 7.90-7.93 (2H, m), 7.97 (1H, s), 8.52 (1H, dt, J 4.7, 1.3 Hz).

The compounds of Preparations 4-19 set forth in table 1 may be prepared essentially as described in Preparation 3.

TABLE 1 Analytical Prep Structure Compound data Remarks 4

N-[1-[2-(2-Pyridyl)-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl]ethyl]prop-2-yn- 1-amine ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.60 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 2.07 (1H, d, J 4.9 Hz), 3.07 (1H, s), — 3.38 (1H, dd, J 16.7, 2.5 Hz), 3.49 (1H, dd, J 16.8, 2.5 Hz), 5.03 (1H, q, J 6.8 Hz), 7.29- 7.40 (1H, m), 7.93 (2H, dd, J 3.7, 1.2 Hz), 7.99 (1H, s), 8.54 (1H, dt, J 4.9, 1.4 Hz) 5

N-[1-[2-(2-Pyridyl)-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl]ethyl]propan-1- amine ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 0.86 (3H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 1.42-1.54 (2H, m), 1.56 (3H, d, J 6.9 — Hz), 2.42 (1H, ddd, J 11.0, 8.1, 6.3 Hz), 2.50 (1H, ddd, J 11.0, 8.1, 6.8 Hz), 2.68 (1H, s), 4.84-4.98 (1H, m), 7.34 (1H, td, J 4.9, 3.6 Hz), 7.87-7.95 (2H, m), 7.99 (1H, d, J 0.5 Hz), 8.48- 8.55 (1H, m) 6

N-[(3-Chlorophenyl)methyl]- 1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl]ethanamine LCMS: (method 1) R_(t) 1.70 min, m/z (ES+) 314 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time:20 h 7

N-(Oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-1-[2- (2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethanamine LCMS: (method 7) R_(t) 1.40 min, m/z (ES+) 260 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time:16 h; T = r.t. 8

3,3,3-Trifluoro-N-[1-[2-(2- pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]propan-1-amine LCMS: (method 7) R_(t) 1.59 min, m/z (ES+) 286 [M + H]⁺ Additional 1.0 eq. of DIPEA; Reaction time:18 h; T = 50° C. 9

2-[1-[2-(2-Pyridyl)-1,2,4- triazol-3- yl]ethylamino]acetonitrile LCMS: (method 7) R_(t) 1.65 min, m/z (ES+) 229 [M + H]⁺ DIPEA used in same amount as solvent in place of K₂CO₃; Reaction time: 18 h; T = r.t. 10

N-[(2,2- Dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]- 1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl]ethanamine LCMS: (method 7) R_(t) 1.69 min, m/z (ES+) 312 [M + H]⁺ Amine used as limiting reagent; Reaction time:16 h; T = r.t. 11

N-(2-Fluoroethyl)-1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl)ethanamine LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.31 min, m/z (ES+) 237 [M + H]⁺ Solvent: MeCN; T = reflux; Reaction time:16 h 12

3-Fluoro-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin- 2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]propan-1-amine LCMS: (method 5) R_(t) 0.44 min, m/z (ES+) 251 [M + H]⁺ Solvent: MeCN; T = reflux; Reaction time:1 h 13

3,3,3-Trifluoro-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl)ethyl]propan-1-amine LCMS: (method 5) R_(t) 0.33 min, m/z (ES+) 287 [M + H]⁺ Solvent: MeCN; T = reflux 14

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl)ethanamine LCMS: (method 5) R_(t) 0.34 min, m/z (ES+) 245 [M + H]⁺ Solvent: MeCN; T = reflux 15

N-[1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]prop-2-yn- 1-amine LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.31 min, m/z (ES+) 229 [M + H]⁺ Slovent: MeCN; Reaction time: 16 h; T = reflux 16

N-(2-fluoroethyl)-1-[2-(2- pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethanamine LCMS: (method 8) R_(t) 2.88 min, m/z (ES+) 236 [M + H]⁺ DIPEA (1.0 eq.) and NaH (2.0 eq.) used in place of K₂CO₃; Reaction time: 18 h; T = r.t. 17

N-Ethyl-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethanamine LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.39 min, m/z (ES+) 219 [M + H]⁺ Solvent: MeCN; Reaction time: 1 h 45 min; T = reflux 18

N-Methyl-1-(2-pyrimidin-2- yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethanamine LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.29 min, m/z (ES+) 205 [M + H]⁺ Solvent: MeCN; Reaction time: 1 h; T = reflux 19

2-[1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3- yl)ethylamino]acetonitrile LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.37 min, m/z (ES+) 230 [M + H]⁺ Solvent: MeCN; Reaction time: 1 h; T = reflux

Preparation 20

1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethanamine

Add ammonia (7 M in MeOH, 15 mL) to 2-[5-(1-bromoethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]pyrimidine (1.14 g) and stir at r.t. for 24 h. Concentrate under reduced pressure to provide 1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethanamine (1.27 g, 61% purity, 90%). LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 0.35 min, m/z (ES+)=191 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 21

(2,2-Difluorocyclopropyl)methyl methanesulfonate

Add methanesulfonyl chloride (600 μL) to a mixture of triethylamine (1.4 mL) and (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methanol (677 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) at 0° C. and stir for 2 h. Warm to r.t. and stir overnight. Partition between water and CH₂Cl₂, separate the layers, extract the aqueous phase twice with CH₂Cl₂, dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl methanesulfonate (1.17 g, 86%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.27-1.35 (1H, m), 1.63 (1H, tdd, J 11.4, 8.2, 4.9 Hz), 1.97-2.14 (1H, m), 3.04 (3H, s), 4.18-4.38 (2H, m).

Preparation 22

N-[(2,2-Difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]-1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine

Add ammonia (sat. in MeOH, 1.8 mL) to 2-[5-(l-bromoethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]pyridine (1.80 g) in a sealed tube at 0° C. and stir for 1 h. Allow to warm to r.t. and stir overnight. Concentrate under reduced pressure and triturate the residue in pentane to provide 1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine (1.10 g, 82%). LCMS (method 8): R_(t) 2.51 min, m/z (ES+)=190 [M+H]⁺.

Add (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl methanesulfonate (500 mg) to a mixture of 1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine (660 mg) and K₂CO₃ (1.11 g) in DMF (5.0 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Dilute with water and extract three times with EtOAc. Wash the organic extracts with NaCl (aq. sat.), dry over Na₂SO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]-1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine (250 mg, 32%). LCMS (method 7): R_(t) 1.66 min, m/z (ES+)=280 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 23

2-Bromo-N-pyrimidin-2-yl-propanamide

Add 2-aminopyrimidine (1.72 g) and triethylamine (1.85 mL) to 2-bromopropanoyl chloride (900 μL) in toluene (30 mL) and stir at reflux for 2 h. Cool to r.t. and partition between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 2-bromo-N-pyrimidin-2-yl-propanamide (750 mg, 40%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz. CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.64 (3H, d, J 6.7 Hz), 5.03 (1H, q, J 6.7 Hz), 7.20 (1H, t, J 4.8 Hz), 8.67 (2H, d, J 4.9 Hz), 10.42 (1H, s).

Preparation 24

2-[5-(1-Bromoethyl)tetrazol-1-yl]pyrimidine

Add phosphorus pentachloride (360 mg) to a solution of 2-bromo-N-pyrimidin-2-yl-propanamide (304 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (6.5 mL) and stir at r.t. for 5 h. Cool to 0° C., add trimethylsilyl azide (280 μL), warm to r.t. and stir overnight. Partition between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and CH₂Cl₂, separate the layers and wash the organic phase with water. Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 2-[5-(1-bromoethyl)tetrazol-1-yl]pyrimidine (333 mg, 38%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 2.20 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 6.16-6.22 (1H, m), 7.57 (1H, t, J 4.9 Hz), 9.00 (2H, dd, J 4.9, 1.1 Hz).

Preparation 25

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1-(1-pyrimidin-2-yltetrazol-5-yl)ethanamine

Add K₂CO₃ (213 mg) and cyclopropylmethanamine (90 ILL) to a solution of 2-[5-(1-bromoethyl)tetrazol-1-yl]pyrimidine (120 mg) in acetonitrile (2.0 mL) and stir at reflux for 3.5 h and at r.t. for 5 days. Concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between water and EtOAc, separate the layers and extract the aqueous phase with EtOAc. Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-(1-pyrimidin-2-yltetrazol-5-yl)ethanamine (34 mg, 29%). LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 0.56 min, m/z (ES+)=246 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 1

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,24-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (12.1 g) to a solution of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine (10.4 g) and DIPEA (24.6 mL) in EtOAc (415 mL) and stir the mixture at r.t. for 10 min. Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 45.7 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Partition the mixture between water and EtOAc, separate the layers and wash the organic phase sequentially with water, NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and NH₄Cl (aq. sat.). Dry over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (17.2 g, 83%). LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.86 min, m/z (ES+)=484 [M+H]⁺.

The compounds of Examples 2-32 and 50-60 set forth in table 2 may be prepared essentially as described in Example 1.

TABLE 2 LCMS Example Structure Compound method Remarks 2

3,5-Dichloro-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2- (2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]benzamide LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.79 min, m/z (ES+) = 416 [M + H]⁺ — 3

3,5-Dichloro-N-propyl-N-[1- 2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]benzamide LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.78 min, m/z (ES+) = 404 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 48 h 4

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1- [2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-3- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.59 min, m/z (ES+) = 432 [M + H]⁺ — 5

N-[(3-Chlorophenyl)methyl]- 3-cyano-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)- 1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.52 min, m/z (ES+) = 443 [M + H]⁺ — 6

3-Chloro-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2- (2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.68 min, m/z (ES+) = 450 [M + H]⁺ — 7

3-Chloro-N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1- [2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.55 min, m/z (ES+) = 434 [M + H]⁺ — 8

3-Chloro-N-propyl-N-[1-[2- (2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.70 min, m/z (ES+) = 438 [M + H]⁺ — 9

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1- [2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.34 min, m/z (ES+) = 417 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 2 h 10

3-Chloro-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2- (2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.75 min, m/z (ES+) = 466 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 2 h T = 50° C. 11

N-(2-Fluoroethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2- pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.63 min, m/z (ES+) = 476 [M + H]⁺ — 12

N-[1-[2-(2-Pyridyl)-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)-N-(3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.77 min, m/z (ES+) = 526 [M + H]⁺ — 13

N-(Oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-N-[1- [2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.51 min, m/z (ES+) = 500 [M + H]⁺ — 14

N-(Cyanomethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2- pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.58 min, m/z (ES+) = 469 [M + H]⁺ — 15

N-Prop-2-ynyl-N-[2-(2- pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.60 min, m/z (ES+) = 468 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 48 h 16

N-[(2,2- Difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]- N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.72 min, m/z (ES+) = 520 [M + H]⁺ — 17

N-[(2,2- Dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]- N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.83 min, m/z (ES+) = 552 [M + H]⁺ — 18

3-Chloro-N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1- [2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.60 min, m/z (ES+) = 450 [M + H]⁺ T = 80° C. 19

N-(2-Fluoroethyl)-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.51 min, m/z (ES+) = 477 [M + H]⁺ Triple amount of carboxylic acid and T3P ® 20

N-[1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)-N-(3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)benzamide LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.73 min, m/z (ES+) = 527 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 1 h 21

N-(3-Fluoropropyl)-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.55 min, m/z (ES+) = 491 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 1 h 45 min 22

3-Chloro-N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N- [1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.50 min, m/z (ES+) = 459 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 1 h 23

3-Chloro-N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N- [1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 1.30 min, m/z (ES+) = 443 [M + H]⁺ Double amount of carboxylic acid and T3P ® 24

3-Chloro-N-(3-fluoropropyl)- N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 2.41 min, m/z (ES+) = 457 [M + H]⁺ — 25

3-Chloro-N-(3-fluoropropyl)- N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 2.46 min, m/z (ES+) = 473 [M + H]⁺ — 26

3-Chloro-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin- 2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]- 5-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)benzamide LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 2.63 min, m/z (ES+) = 493 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 3 h 27

3-Chloro-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin- 2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]- 5-(trifluoromethoxy)-N- (3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)benzamide LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 2.68 min, m/z (ES+) = 509 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 3 h 28

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1- (2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 0.74 min, m/z (ES+) = 418 [M + H]⁺ — 29

N-[1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)-N-(3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 2.28 min, m/z (ES+) = 460 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 3 h 30

N-(2-Fluoroethyl)-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS (method 3): R_(t) 2.24 min, m/z (ES+) = 410 [M + H]⁺ — 31

N-(3-Fluoropropyl)-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS (method 3): R_(t) 2.28 min, m/z (ES+) = 424 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 1 h 32

N-Prop-2-ynyl-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 0.67 min, m/z (ES+) = 402 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 2 h; No work- up 50

3-Cyano-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 1.47 min, m/z (ES+) = 442 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 1.5 h; No work-up 51

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1- (2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-2,6- bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridine- 4-carboxamide LCMS (method 2): Rt 1.72 min, m/z (ES+) = 486 [M + H]⁺ — 52

3-Cyano-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2- yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]benzamide LCMS (method 5): Rt 1.29 min, m/z (ES+) = 320 [M + H]⁺ — 53

N-Ethyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2- yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]- 3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 1.63 min, m/z (ES+) = 459 [M + H]⁺ Double amount of T3P ® 54

3-Cyano-N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1- (2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 0.54 min, m/z (ES+) = 358 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 1 h; No work- up 55

3-Cyano-N-methyl-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 0.48 min, m/z (ES+) = 334 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 2.5 h 56

N-(Cyanomethyl)-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 1.60 min, m/z (ES+) = 470 [M + H]⁺ — 57

3-Cyano-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2- yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 1.06 min, m/z (ES+) = 388 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 3 h 58

3-Cyano-N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1- (2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 1.24 min, m/z (ES+) = 426 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 1.5 h; No work-up 59

3-Cyano-N-ethyl-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 1.24 min, m/z (ES+) = 416 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 3 h 60

3-Cyano-N-methyl-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS (method 4): Rt 1.04 min, m/z (ES+) = 402 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 3 h

EXAMPLE 33

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(1-pyrimidin-2-yltetrazol-5-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (43 mg) and T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 130 μL) to a solution of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-(1-pyrimidin-2-yltetrazol-5-yl)ethanamine (30 mg) and DIPEA (73 μL) in EtOAc (1.5 mL) and stir at r.t. for 2.5 h. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers and wash the organic phase sequentially with water, NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and NH₄Cl (aq. sat.). Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(1-pyrimidin-2-yltetrazol-5-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (32 mg, 54%). LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.76 min, m/z (ES+)=486 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 26

2-(Prop-2-ynylamino)propanamide

Add K₂CO₃ (55 g) and propargylamine (17 mL) to 2-bromopropanamide (20.2 g) in acetonitrile (320 mL) and stir at 80° C. for 3.5 h and at r.t. overnight. Concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between water and EtOAc, separate the layers and extract the aqueous phase twice with EtOAc. Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide 2-(prop-2-ynylamino)propanamide (15.7 g, 93%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.36 (3H, d, J 7.0 Hz), 1.58 (1H, br s), 2.23 (1H, t, J 2.4 Hz), 3.34 (1H, dd, J 17.1, 2.4 Hz), 3.41 (1H, q, J 7.0 Hz), 3.49 (1H, dd, J 17.1, 2.5 Hz), 5.39 (1H, br s), 6.93 (1H, br s).

Preparation 27

2-(Cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide

Add K₂CO₃ (1.45 g) and cyclopropylmethanamine (560 μL) to 2-bromopropanamide (490 mg) and in acetonitrile (8 mL) and stir at 80° C. for 1 h. Cool to r.t., filter through Celite® and wash with acetonitrile. Partition the residue between water and EtOAc, separate the layers and extract the aqueous phase twice with EtOAc. Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide 2-(cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide (351 mg, 77%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz. CDCl₃) δ ppm 0.06-0.23 (2H, m), 0.44-0.58 (2H, m), 0.83-1.02 (1H, m), 1.36 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 1.73 (1H, br s), 2.42 (1H, dd, J 12.4, 6.9 Hz), 2.55 (1H, dd, J 12.1, 6.6 Hz), 3.24 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz), 5.39 (1H, br s), 7.18 (1H, br s).

Preparation 28

2-(Trimethylsilylmethylamino)propanamide

Add K₂CO₃ (628 mg) and (aminomethyl)trimethylsilane (341 mg) to 2-bromopropanamide (456 mg) in acetonitrile (5 mL) and stir at reflux overnight. Cool to r.t., filter, wash with acetonitrile and dry the resulting solid under reduced pressure to provide 2-(trimethylsilylmethylamino)propanamide (512 mg, 98%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 0.05 (9H, s), 1.31 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 3.09 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz), 5.63 (1H, br s), 7.04 (1H, br s).

Preparation 29

2-(Methylamino)propanamide

Add K₂CO₃ (4.15 g) and methylamine (2 M in THF, 10 mL) to 2-bromopropanamide (1.53 g) in acetonitrile (30 mL) and stir at 80° C. overnight. Cool to r.t., filter, wash with MeOH and dry the resulting solid under reduced pressure to provide 2-(methylamino)propanamide (792 mg, 77%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.08 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz) 1.83 (1H, br s) 2.18 (3H, s) 2.77-2.90 (1H, m) 6.92 (1H, brs) 7.23 (1H, br s).

Preparation 30

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-N-prop-2-ynyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add DIPEA (73.7 g) to a solution of 2-(prop-2-ynylamino)propanamide (24.0 g) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (58.9 g) in EtOAc (528 mL). Cool to 0° C. and add T3P′ (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 170 mL) dropwise. Warm to r.t. and stir overnight. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and NaOH (aq. 1 M). Dry the organic phase over Na₂SO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by trituration with pentane to provide N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-N-prop-2-ynyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (50 g, 72%). LCMS (method 7): R_(t) 2.17 min, m/z (ES+)=367 [M+H]⁺.

The compounds of Preparations 31-40 set forth in table 3 may be prepared essentially as described in Preparation 30.

TABLE 3 Analytical Prep. Structure Compound data Remarks 31

N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-3-chloro-N-prop-2-ynyl-5- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.41 min, m/z (ES−) 347 [M − H]⁻ Reaction time: 1 h 45 min; purification by chromatography 32

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-3-cyano-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 3) R_(t) 2.07 min, m/z (ES+) 272 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 4 h; purification by chromatography 33

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-3-chloro-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.46 min, m/z (ES+) 349 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: 30 min; purification by chromatography 34

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-3-chloro-N-prop-2-ynyl-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.33 min, m/z (ES−) 331 [M − H]⁻ — 35

N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-3-chloro-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.51 min, m/z (ES−) 363 [M − H]⁻ Reaction time: 1 h 45 min; purification by chromatography 36

N-[(1S)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2- oxo-ethyl]-N-prop-2-ynyl-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.54 min, m/z (ES+) 300 [M + H]⁺ Purification by chromatography 37

N-[(1S)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2- oxo-ethyl]-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.64 min, m/z (ES+) 316 [M + H]⁺ Purification by chromatography 38

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-3-bromo-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.55 min, m/z (ES−) 391 [M − H]⁻ Reaction time: 3 days; no aq. work-up; purification by chromatography 39

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-N-methyl-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.27 min, m/z (ES−) 341 [M − H]⁻ Reaction time: overnight; double amount of T3P ® purification by chromatography 40

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo- ethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-N- (trimethylsilylmethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.97 min, m/z (ES−) 413 [M − H]⁻ Reaction time: overnight; purification by chromatography

Preparation 41

N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add DIPEA (587 mg) to a solution of 2-aminopropanamide (661 mg) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (387 mg) in DMF (7 mL). Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 1.79 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Concentrate under reduced pressure, partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and NaCl (aq. sat.). Dry the organic phase over Na₂SO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure to provide N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (387 mg, 79° 6). LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 1.27 min, m/z (ES−)=327 [M−H]⁻.

Preparation 42

N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add DIPEA (0.5 mL) to a solution of L-alaninamide (263 mg) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (250 mg) in DMF (4 mL). Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 1.0 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Concentrate under reduced pressure, partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and NaCl (aq. sat.). Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure to provide N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (299 mg, 94%). LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 1.26 min, m/z (ES+)=329 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 43

Methyl 3-amino-2-methyl-propanoate

Add thionyl chloride (1.41 mL) to a solution of 3-amino-2-methyl-propanoic acid (87% purity, 1.15 g) in MeOH (10 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Evaporate the solvent to provide methyl 3-amino-2-methyl-propanoate (1.13 g, 100%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.35 (3H, d, J 7.3 Hz), 2.95-3.36 (3H, m), 3.80 (3H, s), 8.46 (2H, br s).

Preparation 44

Methyl 3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-(cyclopropylmethyl)amino-2-methyl-propanoate

Add methyl 3-amino-2-methyl-propanoate (1.13 g) to a mixture of cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde (867 μL) and Na₂SO₄ (13.8 g) in AcOH (10 mL) and stir at r.t. for 20 min. Add NaBH(OAc)₃ (6.16 g) and stir for 4 h. Partition between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, adjusting the pH of the aqueous phase to >10 with NaOH (aq. 2 M), separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaCl (aq. sat.), dry over Na₂SO₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide methyl 3-(cyclopropylmethylamino)-2-methyl-propanoate. Dissolve the residue and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (3.73 g) in EtOAc (30 mL), add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 11.7 mL) and DIPEA (7.56 mL) and stir at 90° C. for 3 h. Partition between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, separate the layers and extract the aqueous phase three times with EtOAc. Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide methyl 3-[[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-2-methyl-propanoate (100 mg, 2%). LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.75 min, m/z (ES+)=412 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 45

N-(3-Amino-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl)-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add Mg₃N₂ (123 mg) to a solution of methyl 3-[[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-2-methyl-propanoate (100 mg) in MeOH (2.3 mL) at 0° C. and stir in a sealed tube for 1 h. Heat to 80° C. and stir for 4 days. Partition between water and CHCl₃, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with HCl (aq. 2 M), extract the aqueous phase three times with CHCl₃, dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide N-(3-amino-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl)-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (55 mg, 57%). LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.42 min. m/z (ES+)=397 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 46

[(1R)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate

Add p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (154 g) and DIPEA (113 mL) to (R)-(+)-lactamide (48.1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.3 L) at 0° C., warm to r.t. and stir for 3 days. Concentrate under reduced pressure, partition between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and dissolve the residue in CH₂Cl₂. Add pentane, filter the precipitate and partition again between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure to provide [(1R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (69.7 g, 48%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.31 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 2.43 (3H, s), 4.70 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz), 7.29 (1H, br s), 7.43-7.54 (2H, m), 7.80-7.85 (2H, m).

Preparation 47

(2S)-2-(Prop-2-ynylamino)propanamide

Mix propargylamine (240 μL), [(1R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (493 mg) and K₂CO₃ (790 mg) in acetonitrile (10 mL) and stir at 30° C. for 3 days. Filter through Celite® and wash with acetonitrile. Concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide (2S)-2-(prop-2-ynylamino)propanamide (49 mg, 21%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.37 (3H, d, J 7.3 Hz,), 1.75 (1H, br s), 2.24 (1H, t, J 2.6 Hz), 3.36 (1H, dd, J 17.2, 2.6 Hz), 3.42 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz) 3.49 (1H, dd, J 17.2, 2.6 Hz), 5.48 (1H, br s), 6.95 (1H, br s).

Preparation 48

(2S)-2-(Cydopropylmethylamino)propanamide

Mix cyclopropylmethanamine (44 mL), [(1R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (69.3 g) and K₂CO₃ (107 g) in acetonitrile (700 mL) and stir at 30° C. for 6 h. Cool to r.t., filter through Celite® and wash with acetonitrile. Concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide (2S)-2-(cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide (29.7 g, 81%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 0.09-0.18 (2H, m), 0.44-0.57 (2H, m), 0.87-0.98 (1H, m), 1.35 (3H, d, 0.16.9 Hz), 1.60 (1H, br s), 2.40 (1H, dd, J 12.1, 7.3 Hz), 2.54 (1H, dd, J 12.1, 6.6 Hz), 3.21 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz), 5.31 (1H, br s), 7.14 (1H, br s).

Preparation 49

(2S)-2-(Methylamino)propanamide

Mix methylamine (2 M in THF, 1.0 mL), [(1R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (243 mg) and K₂CO₃ (419 mg) in acetonitrile (1 mL) and stir at r.t. for 3 days. Filter through Celite® and wash with acetonitrile. Concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure to provide (2S)-2-(methylamino)propanamide (50% w, 46 mg, 22%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.09 (3H, d, J 6.94 Hz), 1.84 (1H, br s), 2.19 (3H, s), 2.86 (1H, q, J 6.81 Hz), 6.94 (1H, br s), 7.25 (1H, br s).

Preparation 50

N-[(1S)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2-ozo-ethyl]-N-prop-2-ynyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 350 μL) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (120 mg) to a solution of DIPEA (200 μL) and (2S)-2-(prop-2-ynylamino)propanamide (49 mg) in EtOAc (1.0 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with water, NH₄Cl (aq. sat.) and NaOH (aq. 1 M). Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-prop-2-ynyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (58 mg, 38%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.48 min, m/z (ES−) 365 [M−H]⁻.

Preparation 51

N-[(1S)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 185 mL) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (64.3 g) to a solution of DIPEA (109 mL) and (2S)-2-(cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide (29.5 g) in EtOAc (590 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with water, NH₄Cl (aq. sat.) and NaOH (aq. 1 M). Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by precipitation from CH₂Cl₂ and pentane to provide N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (49.1 g, 62%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.61 min, m/z (ES+) 383 [M+H]⁺.

The compound of Preparation 52 set forth in table 4 may be prepared essentially as described in Preparation 51.

TABLE 4 Analytical Prep. Structure Compound data Remarks 52

N-[(1S)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2- oxo-ethyl]-N-methyl-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.28 min, m/z (ES−) 341 [M − H]⁻ 1 eq. of carboxylic acid and 1.5 eq. of T3P ®; purification by chromatography

Preparation 53

N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (900 mg) and T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 4.2 mL) to a mixture of L-alaninamide (1.25 g) and DIPEA (1.9 mL) in DMF (15 mL). Stir at r.t. overnight. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, wash the organic phase NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and NaCl (aq. sat.). Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure to provide N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (1.05 g, 92%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.27 min, m/z (ES+) 329 [M+H]⁺.

The compound of Preparation 54 set forth in table 5 may be prepared essentially as described in Preparation 53.

TABLE 5 Prep. Structure Compound Analytical data Remarks 54

N-[(1S)-2-amino-1- methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-3- cyano-benzamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.39 min, m/z (ES+) 218 [M + H]⁺ 3 eq. of L- alaninamide

EXAMPLE 34

3-Cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[5-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzamide

Add N,N-dimethylacetamide dimethylacetal (88 μL) to a solution of N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-3-cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)benzamide (108 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (3.0 mL) and stir at reflux for 1 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (1 mL/1 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyridine (87 mg) and stir at 90° C. for 2 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between water and EtOAc. Separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.). Extract the combined aqueous phases twice with EtOAc, wash the combined organic extracts with NaCl (aq. sat.), dry over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 3-cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[5-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzamide (104 mg, 68%). LCMS (method 3): R_(t) 2.66 min, m/z (ES+)=387 [M+H]⁺.

The compound of Example 61 set forth in table 6 may be prepared essentially as described in Example 34.

TABLE 6 Analytical Example Structure Compound data Remarks 61

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1- (5-methyl-2-pyrimidin-2-yl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.80 min, m/z (ES+) 499 [M + H]⁺ 2^(nd) step: Reaction time: 16 h; T = 50° C.

EXAMPLE 35

N-Prop-2-ynyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (2.8 mL) to a solution of N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-N-prop-2-ynyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (5.00 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL) and stir at reflux for 2 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (80 mL/8 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (2.48 g) and stir at 50° C. overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc. Separate the layers, extract the aqueous phase three times with EtOAc, dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (2.97 g, 46%). LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.52 min, m/z (ES+)=469 [M+H]⁺. Chiral HPLC: column Chiralpak AD-H (250×4.6 mm), heptane/iPrOH/diethylamine 95:5:0.1, flow rate 1 mL/min, r.t., λ 240 nm. R_(t) 13.8 and 16.6 min.

The compound of Example 36 set forth in table 7 may be prepared essentially as described in Example 35.

TABLE 7 Analytical Example Structure Compound data Remarks 36

3-Chloro-N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1- (2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethoxy)-benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.49 min, m/z (ES+) 451 [M + H]⁺ 2^(nd) step: Reaction time: 1 h; T = 90° C.

EXAMPLE 37

3-chloro-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzamide

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (60 μL) to a solution of N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-3-chloro-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-benzamide (106 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and stir at reflux for 1 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (1.5 mL/1.5 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (48 mg) and stir at 90° C. for 1 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and CH₂Cl₂. Separate the layers, extract the aqueous phase three times with CH₂Cl₂, dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 3-chloro-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzamide (101 mg, 59%). LCMS (method 2): R_(t) 1.64 min, m/z (ES+)=467 [M+H]⁺.

The compounds of Examples 38-45 and 62-69 set forth in table 8 may be prepared essentially as described in Example 37.

TABLE 8 Analytical Example Structure Compound data Remarks 38

3-Cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)- N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.11 min, m/z (ES+) 374 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: overnight; T = 80° C. 39

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2- (5-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.71 min, m/z (ES+) 515 [M + H]⁺ — 40

3-Chloro-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)- N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.59 min, m/z (ES+) 451 [M + H]⁺ — 41

3-Chloro-N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.45 min, m/z (ES+) 435 [M + H]⁺ — 42

3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[2-[2- (2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]propyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 1) R_(t) 2.72 min, m/z (ES+) 498 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: overnight; T = 80° C. 43

N-Prop-2-ynyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2- pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.67 min, m/z (ES+) 402 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: overnight 44

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)- 1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 2.05 min, m/z (ES+) 484 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: overnight 45

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)- 1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3- carboxamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.93 min, m/z (ES+) 418 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time: overnight 62

3-Bromo-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)- N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.74 min, m/z (ES+) 495 [M + H]⁺ 2nd step: T = 50° C. 63

N-[1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.53 min, m/z (ES+) 431 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time 2nd step: overnight T = 50° C. 64

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)- 1-[2-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.93 min, m/z (ES+) 503 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time 2nd step: overnight T = 50° C. 65

N-Methyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2- yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.49 min, m/z (ES+) 445 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time 2nd step: overnight T = 50° C. 66

N-[(1S)-1-(2-Pyrimidin-2-yl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.53 min, m/z (ES+) 431 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time 2nd step: overnight T = 50° C. 67

N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)-N- (trimethylsilylmethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 2.19 min, m/z (ES+) 517 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time 2nd step: overnight T = 50° C. 68

3-Cyano-N-[(1S)-1-[2-(5- fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 0.57 min, m/z (ES+) 338 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time 2nd step: overnight T = 50° C. 69

N-[(1S)-1-[2-(5-Fluoropyrimidin- 2-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) Rt 1.67 min, m/z (ES+) 449 [M + H]⁺ Reaction time 2nd step: overnight T = 50° C.

EXAMPLE 46

N-Prop-2-ynyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (32 μL) to a solution of N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-prop-2-ynyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (58 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.7 mL) and stir at reflux for 1 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (0.7 mL/0.7 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (23 mg) and stir at 50° C. overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc. Separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-prop-2-ynyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (38 mg, 58%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.59 min, n/z (ES) 469 [M+H]⁺. Chiral HPLC: column Chiralpak AD-H (250×4.6 mm), heptane/iPrOH/diethylamine 95:5:0.1, flow rate 1 mL/min, r.t., 240 nm, R_(t) 14.1 min, ee >99%.

EXAMPLE 47

3-Cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzenecarbothioamide (i) 3-Cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzamide

Add 3-cyanobenzoic acid (81 mg) to a solution of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethanamine (60 mg) and DIPEA (287 μL) in EtOAc (6 mL) and stir the mixture at r.t. for 10 min. Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 534 μL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Partition the mixture between water and EtOAc, separate the layers and wash the organic phase sequentially with water. NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and NH₄Cl (aq. sat.). Dry over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 3-cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzamide (160 mg, 85%). LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.32 min, m/z (ES+)=373 [M+H]₊.

(ii) 3-Cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzenecarbothioamide

Add Lawesson's reagent (191 mg) to a solution of 3-cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzamide (160 mg) in toluene (10 mL) and stir at reflux overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography and trituration with pentane to provide 3-cyano-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]benzenecarbothioamide (145 mg, 87%). LCMS (method 1): R_(t) 2.58 min, m/z (ES+)=389 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 70

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenecarbothioamide

Add Lawesson's reagent (92 mg) to a solution of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (100 mg) in toluene (5 mL) and stir at reflux overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography and trituration with pentane to provide N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenecarbothioamide (61 mg, 59%). LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 2.19 min, m/z (ES+)=501 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 71

3-Carbamothioyl-N-methyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]benzamide

Add triethylamine (0.1 mL) and ammonium sulfide (aq. 40-48 wt. %, 126 mg) to a solution of 3-cyano-N-methyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]benzamide (224 mg) in pyridine (2 mL) and stir at 50° C. for 1 h. Cool to r.t., partition the mixture between water and CH₂C₂, separate the layers and dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide 3-carbamothioyl-N-methyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]benzamide (62 mg, 24%). LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 0.41 min. m/z (ES+)=368 [M+H]⁺.

The compound of Example 72 set forth in table 9 may be prepared essentially as described in Example 71.

TABLE 9 Analytical Example Structure Compound data Remarks 72

3-Carbamothioyl-N- methyl-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin- 2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)ethyl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.81 min, m/z (ES+) 436 [M + H]⁺ —

Preparation 55

2-[[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino]propanoic acid

Add DL-alanine (918 mg) to a solution of NaOH (1.74 g) in water (6.0 mL) and acetonitrile (2.0 mL). Cool the mixture to 0° C., add 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (2.0 mL) and stir at 0° C. for 30 min. Warm to r.t. and stir for 2 h. Concentrate under reduced pressure, add HCl (aq. 12 M, 1.0 mL) and filter the resulting solid. Dry the solid under vacuum to provide 2-[[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino]propanoic acid (3.00 g, 54%). LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 1.52 min, m/z (ES+)=330 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 73

N-[1-[5-(Diethoxymethyl)-2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add N,N-diisopropylamine (3.84 mL) to a mixture of 2,2-diethoxyacetamidine hydrochloride (1.33 g), 2-[[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino]propanoic acid (3.00 g) and HATU (3.05 g) in DMF (10 mL). Stirr at r.t. for 3 h. Add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (1.20 g) followed by AcOH (4.18 mL) and stir at 80° C. for 1 h. Cool to r.t. and dilute with EtOAc (50 mL). Wash the organic phase sequentially with NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and water. Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide N-[1-[5-(diethoxymethyl)-2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (900 mg, 23%). LCMS (method 4): R_(t) 1.96 min, m/z (ES−)=531 [M−H]⁻.

The compound of Example 74 set forth in table 10 may be prepared essentially as described in Example 73.

TABLE 10 Analytical Example Structure Compound data Remarks 74

Methyl 5-[1-[[3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl) benzoyl]amino]ethyl]- 1-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazole- 3-carboxylate LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.80 min, m/z (ES+) 499 [M + H]⁺

EXAMPLE 48

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (i) 2-(Cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide

Add K₂CO₃ (1.45 g) and cyclopropylmethanamine (560 μL) to 2-bromopropanamide (490 mg) and in acetonitrile (8 mL) and stir at 80° C. for 1 h. Cool to r.t., filter through Celite® and wash with acetonitrile. Partition the residue between water and EtOAc, separate the layers and extract the aqueous phase twice with EtOAc. Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide 2-(cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide (351 mg, 77%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 0.06-0.23 (2H, m), 0.44-0.58 (2H, m), 0.83-1.02 (1H, m), 1.36 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 1.73 (1H, br s), 2.42 (1H, dd, J 12.4, 6.9 Hz), 2.55 (1H, dd, J 12.1, 6.6 Hz), 3.24 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz), 5.39 (1H, br s), 7.18 (1H, br s).

(ii) N-(2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 6.2 mL) and DIPEA (4 mL) to a mixture of 2-(cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide (990 mg) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (2.02 g) in EtOAc (20 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, extract the aqueous phase twice with EtOAc. Wash the combined organic extracts with NaCl (aq. sat.), dry over Na₂SO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure. Partition the residue between NaOH (aq. 1 M) and CH₂Cl₂, separate the layers, extract the aqueous phase three times with CH₂Cl₂, dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure to provide N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (2.37 g, 78%). LCMS: (method 2) R_(t) 1.52 min, m/z (ES−)=381 [M−H]⁻.

(iii) N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (220 μL) to a solution of N-(2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (408 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and stir at reflux for 1.5 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (6 mL/0.6 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (183 mg) and stir at 50° C. overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, partition the residue between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc. Separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (173 mg, 33%). LCMS (method 5): R_(t) 2.16 min, m/z (ES+)=485 [M+H]⁺. Chiral HPLC: column Chiralpak AD-H (250×4.6 mm), heptane/iPrOH/diethylamine 95:5:0.1, flow rate 1.3 mL/min, T=30° C., A, 240 nm, R_(t) 13.5 and 16.9 min.

EXAMPLE 49

N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (i) [(1R)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate

Add p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (154 g) and DIPEA (113 mL) to (R)-(+)-lactamide (48.1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.3 L) at 0° C., warm to r.t. and stir for 3 days. Concentrate under reduced pressure, partition between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and dissolve the residue in CH₂Cl₂. Add pentane, filter the precipitate and partition again between NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure to provide [(1R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (69.7 g, 48%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.31 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 2.43 (3H, s), 4.70 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz), 7.29 (1H, br s), 7.43-7.54 (2H, m), 7.80-7.85 (2H, m).

(ii) (2S)-2-(Cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide

Mix cyclopropylmethanamine (44 mL), [(R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (69.3 g) and K₂CO₃ (107 g) in acetonitrile (700 mL) and stir at 30° C. for 6 h. Cool to r.t., filter through Celite® and wash with acetonitrile. Concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide (2S)-2-(cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide (29.7 g, 81%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 0.09-0.18 (2H, m), 0.44-0.57 (2H, m), 0.87-0.98 (1H, m), 1.35 (3H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 1.60 (1H, br s), 2.40 (1H, dd, J 12.1, 7.3 Hz), 2.54 (1H, dd, J 12.1, 6.6 Hz), 3.21 (1H, q, J 6.9 Hz), 5.31 (1H, br s), 7.14 (1H, br s).

(iii) N-[(1 S)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-(c)clopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 185 mL) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (64.3 mg) to a solution of DIPEA (109 mL) and (2S)-2-(cyclopropylmethylamino)propanamide (29.5 g) in EtOAc (590 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with water, NH₄Cl (aq. sat.) and NaOH (aq. 1 M). Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by precipitation from CH₂Cl₂ and pentane to provide N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (49.1 g, 62%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.61 min, m/z (ES+)=383 [M+H]⁺.

(iv) N-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (25.5 mL) to a solution of N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (48.7 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (490 mL) and stir at reflux for 1 h 15 min. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (275 mL/275 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (16.9 g) and stir at 50° C. overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, and partition the residue between water and EtOAc. Filter through Celite®, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaHCO₃ (aq. sat.), dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography and precipitation from diethyl ether and petroleum ether to provide N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (29.7 g, 48%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.79 min, m/z (ES)=485 [M+H]⁺. Chiral HPLC: column Chiralpak AD-H (250×4.6 mm), heptane/iPrOH/diethylamine 95:5:0.1, flow rate 1.3 mL/min, T=30° C., λ 240 nm, R_(t) 13.5 min, (R_(t) for R-enantiomer 16.9 min) ee >99%.

EXAMPLE 75

N-Methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (i) [(1R)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate

Add p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (891 mg) and DIPEA (2.1 mL) to (R)-(+)-lactamide (891 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and stir at r.t. for 2 days. Concentrate under reduced pressure, partition between NaHCO₂ (aq. sat.) and EtOAc, separate the layers, dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify by chromatography to provide [(1R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1.32 g, 54%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 0.71 min, m/z (ES+)=244 [M+H]⁺.

(ii) (2S)-2-(Methylamino)propanamide

Mix methanamine (2 M in THF, 1 mL), [(1R)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]4-methylbenzenesulfonate (243 mg) and K₂CO₃ (419 mg) in acetonitrile (1 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Filter through Celite® and wash with acetonitrile. Concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure to provide (2S)-2-(methylamino)propanamide (50% w., 46 mg, 22%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.09 (3H, d, J 6.94 Hz), 1.84 (1H, br s), 2.19 (3H, s), 2.86 (1H, q, J 6.81 Hz), 6.94 (1H, br s), 7.25 (1H, br s).

(iii) N-[(1S)-2-Amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-methyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add T3P® (≥50 wt. % in EtOAc, 320 μL) and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (70 mg) to a solution of DIPEA (140 μL) and (2S)-2-(methylamino)propanamide (50% w., 46 mg) in DMF (1.3 mL) and stir at r.t. overnight. Partition between water and EtOAc, separate the layers, extract the aqueous phase once with EtOAc, wash the combined organic extracts with NaCl (aq. sat.). Dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, filter, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-methyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (90% w. purity, 82 mg, 80%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.28 min, m/z (ES−)=341 [M−H]⁻.

(iv) N-Methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

Add N,N-dimethylamide dimethylacetal (38 μL) to a solution of N-[(1S)-2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-N-(methyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (90% w. purity, 72 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and stir at reflux for 1.5 h. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in 1,4-dioxane/AcOH (0.5 mL/0.5 mL), add 2-hydrazinopyrimidine (25 mg) and stir at 50° C. overnight. Cool to r.t., concentrate under reduced pressure, and partition the residue between water and EtOAc. Filter through Celite®, separate the layers, wash the organic phase with NaCl (aq. sat.), dry the organic phase over MgSO₄, concentrate under reduced pressure and purify the residue by chromatography to provide N-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (41 mg, 49%). LCMS: (method 4) R_(t) 1.50 min, m/z (ES+)=445 [M+H]⁺. Chiral HPLC: column Diacel Chiralpak IC-3 (150×4.6 mm), 0.1% TFA in H₂O/0.1% TFA in MeCN 48:52, flow rate 0.3 mL/min. T=25° C., 235 nm. R_(t) 16.4 min (R_(t) for R-enantiomer 15.4 min), ee 99.3%.

Analytical Methods

Analysis of the samples is in each case done using a Waters Autopurification (HPLC/MS) system or an Agilent Autopurification (HPLC/MS) system with a reversed phase column using one of the methods described below. The samples are characterized by m/z and retention time or by NMR spectroscopy using a Bruker Avance 400 spectrometer.

Method 1:

Column: Xterra MS C18 5 μm×4.6 mm×50 mm

Eluent: water (A) and acetonitrile (B)

Flow rate: 0.6 mL/min

Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0 90 10 2.0 5 95 4.0 5 95

Column: Xterra MS C18 5 μm×4.6 mm×50 mm

Eluent: 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B)

Flow rate: 2 mL/min

Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0 70 30 0.5 70 30 2.5 5 95 2.8 5 95 2.9 70 30 3.0 70 30

Method 3:

Column: Bischoff SC-03-150 Daisogel SP-120-ODS-AP 5.0 μm×3.0 mm×150 mm

Eluent: 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B)

Flow rate: 2 mL/min

Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0 90 10 5.5 5 95 6.0 5 95 6.5 90 10 7.0 90 10

Method 4:

-   -   Column: Xterra MS C18, 5 μm×4.6 mm×50 mm     -   Eluent: 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in         acetonitrile (B)     -   Flow rate: 2 mL/min     -   Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0 65 35 0.5 65 35 2.5 5 95 2.8 5 98 2.9 65 35 3.0 65 35

Method 5:

-   -   Column: XBridge C18 5 μm×2.1 mm×50 mm     -   Eluent: 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in         acetonitrile (B)     -   Flow rate: 0.6 mL/min     -   Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0 90 10 0.3 90 10 3.3 5 95 4.0 5 95

Method 6:

-   -   Column: XBridge C18 2.5 μm×2.1 mm×50 mm     -   Eluent: 0.5% ammonia in water (A) and 0.5% ammonia in         acetonitrile (B)     -   Flow rate: 0.6 mL/min     -   Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0 90 10 0.3 90 10 3.3 5 95 4.0 5 95

Method 7:

Column: BEH C18 1.7 μm×2.1 mm×50 mm

Eluent: 5 mM ammonium acetate+0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B)

Flow rate: 0.55 mL/min

Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0 95 5 0.4 95 5 0.8 65 35 1.2 45 55 2.5 0 100 3.3 0 100 3.31 95 5 4.0 95 5

Method 8:

-   -   Column: XBridge C18 3.5 μm×4.6 mm×50 mm     -   Eluent: 0.1% ammonia in water (A) and 0.1% ammonia in         acetonitrile (B)     -   Flow rate: 1.00 mL/min     -   Gradient:

Time [min] A [%] B [%] 0.01 95 5 5.00 10 90 5.80 5 95 7.20 5 95 7.21 95 5 10.00 95 5

All of the exemplified compounds of Examples 1 to 49 exhibited one or more of the following: greater than 80% efficacy (EC₈₀) at 32 ppm in the in vitro cat flea assay (Assay A); greater than 80% efficacy (EC₈₀) at 3.2 ppm in the in vitro Australian sheep blow fly assay (Assay A); or greater than 80% efficacy (EC₈₀) at 10 ppm in the in vitro dog tick assay (Assay A). All of the exemplified compounds of Examples 50 to 75 exhibited one or more of the following: greater than 50% efficacy (EC₈₀) at 10 ppm in the in vitro cat flea assay (Assay B); greater than 50% efficacy (EC₈₀) at 10 ppm in the in vitro Australian sheep blow fly assay (Assay B); or greater than 50% efficacy (EC₅₀) at 20 ppm in the in vitro dog tick assay (Assay B).

Activity In Vitro Against Ctenocephalides Felis (Cat Flea)—Assay A

A mixed adult population of fleas is placed in a suitably formatted 96-well plate allowing fleas to access and feed on treated blood via an artificial feeding system. Fleas are fed on treated blood for 24 h, after which the compound effect is recorded. Insecticidal activity is determined on the basis of the number of dead fleas recovered from the feeding system. In this test the following examples showed more than 80% (EC₈₀) efficacy at 100 ppm: 1 to 11, 13 to 22, 24 to 32 and 34 to 49.

In this test the compound of Example 18 showed an EC₈₀ of 10 ppm.

Activity In Vitro Against Ctenocephalides Felis (Cat Flea)—Assay B

Test compounds are added to organic bovine blood contained in an artificial feeding container. Compounds with known insecticidal activity are included to serve as positive controls. Newly emerged unfed adult fleas from a laboratory colony are aspirated into each vial. The test cages are maintained using the artificial feeding apparatus to allow ingestion of compound. Fleas are evaluated for % mortality at 48 hours post infestation. Fleas showing normal movement and/or jumping ability are considered viable and those showing no movement are scored as dead. In this test the following examples showed more than 50% (EC₅₀) efficacy at 10 ppm: 50 to 61, 63 to 73 and 75.

In this test the compound of Example 59 showed an EC₅₀ of 1.6 ppm.

Activity in vitro against Lucilla Cuprina (Australian sheep blowfly)—Assay A

Freshly laid blowfly eggs are used to seed a suitably formatted microplate containing the test substances to be evaluated for antiparasitic activity. Each compound is tested by serial dilution in order to determine its minimum efficacy dose. The test compounds are embedded in an agar-based nutritive medium allowing the full development of the eggs into 3^(rd) instar larvae. The incubation lasts for 4 days at 28° C. and 60% relative humidity. Egg-hatching and ensuing larval development are also recorded to identify a possible growth-regulating activity. In this test the following examples showed more than 80% (EC₈₀) efficacy at 32 ppm: 1 to 4, 6 to 33, 35 to 46, 48 and 49.

In this test the compound of Example 41 showed an EC₅₀ of 1 ppm.

Activity In Vitro Against Lucilla Cuprina (Australian Sheep Blowfly)—Assay B

Compound formulated in bovine serum is dispensed into scintillation. A dental cotton roll is added to each vial to absorb the compound solution. L. cuprina larvae are added to each treatment vial. The vials are capped and held for 24 hours in an environmental chamber at appropriate temperature, humidity and light/dark cycles. Evaluations are only made at 24 hours because dead larvae after 24 hours may be cannibalized by the remaining live ones. Vials are examined for percent mortality. In this test the following examples showed more than 50% (EC₅₀) efficacy at 10 ppm: 50, 51, 53, 56 to 70, 72 and 75.

In this test the compound of Example 59 showed and EC₅₀ of 0.77 ppm.

Activity In Vitro Against Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Dog Tick)—Assay A

A contact test is performed by pre-coating microplate with serial dilution of compound allowing evaluating anti-parasitic activity by contact against ticks. A mixed adult tick population is then distributed to each well of the plate and incubated at 28° C. and 80% relative humidity for 7 days, during which the effect of the test compound is monitored. Acaricidal activity is confirmed if and when adult ticks are dead. In this test the following examples showed more than 80% (EC₈₀) efficacy at 100 ppm: 1 to 4, 6, 9 to 15, 19, 20, 24, 26 to 32, 34 to 43 and 47 to 49.

In this test the compound for Example 41 showed an EC₅₀ of 32 ppm.

Activity In Vitro Against Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Dog Tick)—Assay B

A solution of the test compounds is used to coat the inner wall of glass vials containing a filter paper on the bottom of each vial. A second filter paper is also coated and placed in the cap of the vial. Vials and caps are allowed to dry overnight. Each treated vial is infested with ticks. Contact of the ticks with residues is induced by holding the vials in a controlled environment and assessment is performed at 48 hours after application in comparison with untreated glass vials and solvent-treated glass vials. In this test the following examples showed more than 50% (EC₅₀) efficacy at 20 ppm: 50, 54, 55, 58 to 63, 65, 67 to 70 and 73 to 75.

In this test the compound of Example 59 showed an EC₅₀ of 14 ppm.

Activity In Vitro Against Engorged Female Rhipicephalus microplus (Cattle Tick)

A contact test is performed by pre-coating 6-well microplates with serial dilution of the compound to be evaluated for anti-parasitic activity. 10 engorged female ticks of the organophosphorous-resistant Ultimo strain are distributed to each well in triplicates. Plates are then incubated at 28° C. and 80% relative humidity. Evaluation takes place 28 days later based on mortality, oviposition and hatched larvae. An indication of the activity of the test compounds is shown by the number of females that:

-   -   die quickly before laying eggs,     -   survive for some time without laying eggs,     -   lay eggs in which no embryos are formed,     -   lay eggs in which embryos form, from which no larvae hatch, and     -   lay eggs in which embryos form, from which larvae normally hatch         within 26 to 27 days

In this test the following examples showed more than 80% (EC₈₀) efficacy at 200 ppm: 1 to 4, 6 to 12, 14 to 25, 35 to 41, 44 to 46 and 48.

Activity In Vivo Against Rhipicephalus sanguineus Nymphs on Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) (Spray Application)

On day 0, gerbils are treated with the test compound at a given dose by pour on application. On day +1 (+2), the animals are infested with nymphs of R. sanguineus. Ticks are left on the animals until full repletion. Seven days after infestation nymphs dropped off fully engorged are collected and counted. They are kept until molting to also evaluate growth regulating activity of the test compound. Efficacy in killing (and growth regulating) is expressed as a tick number (and molted tick number) reduction in comparison with a placebo treated group, using the Abbott's formula:

${{Corrected}\mspace{14mu} \%} = {100 \times \left( {1 - \frac{n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} T\mspace{14mu} {after}\mspace{14mu} {treatment}}{n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {Co}\mspace{14mu} {after}\mspace{14mu} {treatment}}} \right)}$

-   -   n=number of live ticks. T=treated group. Co=control/placebo         group.

In this test the following examples showed more than 90% (EC₉₀) efficacy at 32 mg/kg: 1, 8 to 12, 14, 16, 18 to 20, 23, 26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39 to 41, 44, 45, 48 and 49.

Activity In Vivo Against Rhipicephalus sanguineus Ticks (Dog Tick) on Rabbits

On day 0, rabbits are treated with the test compound at a given dose by spray application on their ears only. On day +1, the animals are infested on their ears with adult R. sanguineus ticks (sex ratio 1:1). Evaluation of efficacy is performed 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after infestation by counting the numbers of dead and live ticks recovered from the animals. Efficacy is expressed as comparison with a placebo treated group using the Abbott's formula:

${{Corrected}\mspace{14mu} \%} = {100 \times \left( {1 - \frac{n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} T\mspace{14mu} {after}\mspace{14mu} {treatment}}{n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {Co}\mspace{14mu} {after}\mspace{14mu} {treatment}}} \right)}$

-   -   n=number of ticks, T=treated group, Co=control/placebo group.

In this test the following examples showed more than 90% (EC₉₀) efficacy at 60 mg/m²: 28, 32, 35, 40, 41 and 48.

Activity In Vivo Against Lice (Polyplax serrata) in Mice (Topical)

Mice naturally infected with P. serrala are treated with the formulated test compound on day 0 by pour-on application. On day +4 and +14, efficacy is evaluated by counting the number of live lice under a binocular. Efficacy at the two time points is expressed as a comparison of lice numbers counted on the same mouse before treatment, using the Henderson & Tilton formula, taking also into account lice numbers found on mice treated with the empty formulation (placebo group):

${{Corrected}\mspace{14mu} \%} = {100 \times \left( {1 - \frac{n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {Co}\mspace{14mu} {before}\mspace{14mu} {treatment} \times n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} T\mspace{14mu} {after}\mspace{14mu} {treatment}}{n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {Co}\mspace{14mu} {after}\mspace{14mu} {treatment} \times n\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} T\mspace{14mu} {before}\mspace{14mu} {treatment}}} \right)}$

-   -   n=number of lice, T=treated group, Co=control/placebo group.

In this test the following examples showed more than 90% (EC₉₀) efficacy at 32 mg/kg: 1, 7, 10 to 12, 15 to 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 35 to 41, 48 and 49.

Activity of Compounds Against Experimental Tick-Infestation with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus on Cattle

Studies are conducted to evaluate the curative and the prophylactic activity of the compounds against the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus, when administered as pour-on on experimentally infested cattle. Young adult cattle (approximately 80-250 kg, n=5 per group) are housed individually in roofed pens, but exposed to the ambient conditions.

During a 30-day acclimation phase all animals are infested three times per week in the dorsal region of the neck with approximately 5000 larvae of R. (B.) microplus per infestation. At the end of the acclimation-period the animals are treated with an experimental formulation that is poured on the back-line of each calf (Day 0). For the experimental formulation the compound is dissolved—as an example—in benzyl alcohol, propylene carbonate and isopropanol. The dose is set to achieve a point dose of ≤10 mg/kg bodyweight. After treatment, the infestation of the animals with R. (B.) microplus-larvae continues at a frequency of two infestations per week until the end of the study. Starting on Day 1 after treatment, adult engorged female ticks are collected daily from each animal according to Holdsworth et al. (W.A.A.V.P. guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants, Vet Parasitol., 136(1):29-43(2005)). This setup allows evaluating the curative efficacy (onset of efficacy) as well as the residual protection. The infestation of the animals and the daily collection of the ticks continues until Study Day 77. 

1. A compound of the formula

wherein: X is O or S; Q¹ and Q² are independently CR⁵ or N, provided at least one of Q⁴ and Q² is N; Y is a direct bond or CH₂; R⁴ is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one substituent selected from: CN, CONH₂, COOH, NO₂ and —Si(CH₃)₃; C₁-C₆haloalkyl; C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆haloalkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; C₂-C₆haloalkynyl; C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-C₁-C₂alkyl- wherein the C₃-C₄cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo atoms; oxetan-3-yl-CH₂—; or benzyl optionally substituted with halo or C₁-C₃haloalkyl; R² is phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine, wherein the phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine is optionally substituted with one to three substituents, provided the substituent(s) are not on either carbon adjacent to the carbon bonded to the

 group, each independently selected from: C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃thiohaloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, halo, NO₂, SF₅, CN, CONH₂, COOH and C(S)NH₂; R³ is C₁-C₃alkyl or C₁-C₃haloalkyl; R⁴ is pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine, wherein the pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine is optionally substituted with one substituent selected from: C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, halo or hydroxy; R⁵ is H, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxyC(O)— or (C₄-C₃alkoxy)₂CH—; or a salt thereof.
 2. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein Y is a direct bond.
 3. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein X is O.
 4. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein R³ is methyl.
 5. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein Q¹ is N, Q² is CR⁵ and R⁵ is H, methyl, or (CH₃CH₂O)₂CH—.
 6. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein R⁴ is 2-pyridine, or 2-pyrimidine optionally substituted by C₁-C₃ alkoxy.
 7. The compound or salt according to claim 6, wherein R⁴ is 2-pyrimidine.
 8. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, n-propyl, CH≡C—CH₂—, CF₃CH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂—, FCH₂CH₂CH₂—, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl-CH₂—, 2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl-CH₂—, H, CH₃, (CH₃)₃SiCH₂—, CH₃CH₂— or CNCH₂—.
 9. The compound or salt according to claim 8, wherein R¹ is cyclopropyl-CH₂—, CH≡C—CH₂—, H or CH₃.
 10. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl, 3-bromo-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-cyano-5-trifluoromethylphenyl or 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl.
 11. The compound or salt according to claim 10, wherein R² is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
 12. The compound or salt according to claim 1, which is N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, N-Prop-2-ynyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide or N-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide.
 13. A formulation comprising a compound or salt according to claim 1, and at least one acceptable carrier.
 14. (canceled)
 15. (canceled)
 16. A method of controlling ectoparasites on an animal in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the compound or salt according to claim
 1. 